1. Introduction

Ground anchors are a pre-stressed reinforcement system used to stabilize soil and rock, providing resistance to movement in retaining structures. The design of ground anchors relies on a dual-point connection principle: an anchorage at the head of the retaining structure and a bonded length firmly embedded within soil or rock. The anchor rod is typically installed at an optimal angle and secured with cement grout to achieve strong adhesion, which enhances load-bearing capacity and enables effective force transmission. The anchoring mechanism works by distributing load from the structure into the surrounding ground, reducing deformation and preventing settlement or soil sliding. Ground anchors are suitable for both temporary and permanent solutions, particularly in deep excavations or steep slopes where sliding and settlement need to be controlled.

The ground anchor method offers significant technical advantages. It markedly increases structural stability and is highly adaptable, allowing construction on various complex geological conditions. Additionally, ground anchors open up more working space on site, enabling flexible arrangements of construction utilities. They also allow rapid installation, which can proceed simultaneously with excavation, accelerating project timelines. In some cases, ground anchors can be more cost-effective than traditional bracing systems.

However, ground anchors also present some limitations. High installation costs arise due to specialized equipment and technology requirements, and the system requires regular maintenance as anchor rods are susceptible to corrosion, especially in highly corrosive soils. The effectiveness of ground anchors may decrease when applied to weak, poorly cohesive soils. Moreover, anchor installation often extends beyond project boundaries, and the complex design and installation processes demand experienced contractors to ensure optimal quality and effectiveness.

2. Scope of application

Ground anchor systems have versatile applications across construction and infrastructure projects, including:

• Anchoring retaining walls during excavation on construction sites.
• Enhancing slope stability for embankments and slopes in transportation infrastructure.
• Stabilizing slopes in hydroelectric and irrigation structures.
• Counteracting buoyant forces from groundwater pressure on underground structures.
• Reinforcing tunnels to improve stability and performance.
• Providing structural support against seismic forces.
• Stabilizing tower structures, such as transmission towers, using steel frameworks.
• Supporting the foundations of bridge piers and cable-stayed bridges.

3. Construction sequence

The construction sequence of ground anchor is illustrated in Fig. 1.

Figure 1. Construction sequence of ground anchor

4. Techonology video